Singular & Plural

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Singular and Plural Count Nouns

It’s	an	ID card
I’m	a	student
There are ten		students	here

Reklamlar

Count nouns have singular ( one thing) and plural ( two or more things) forms.

Use a or an before singular count nouns only.

When the singular noun begins with a consonant sound, use a.
When the singular noun begins with a vowel sound, use an.

Spelling Rules for Forming Plural Nouns

Most plural nouns are formed by adding s: camera → cameras pen→ pens

For nouns ending in a vowel + y add s: boy→ boys

but For nouns ending in a consonant + y,

drop the y and add ies: dictionary→dictionaries

For nouns ending in a vowel + o add s: radio→ radios

but For nouns ending in a consonant + o,

add s with some nouns and es with others: photo → photos potato→ potatoes

For nouns ending in the ch, sh, ss, or x sounds,

add s: class→ classes

For nouns ending in f or fe, change it to ve + s: knife → knives leaf→ leaves

Reklamlar

NOUNS

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Nouns are naming words. They name people, animals, places, things or ideas.

Examples

Ismael, lion, cat, İstanbul, Toyota, computer…

TYPES OF NOUNS

There are various types of nouns:

Proper nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns

PROPER NOUNS

Proper nouns are specific names.the specific name may be that of a person, an animals, a place, a thing or an idea.

Example

Washington, Peter, United Nations etc

COMMON NOUNS

These are nouns that refer to things in general.

Examples

Lake, Town, Person, Newspaper, House etc…

Consider words in the table below

Proper Nouns	Common Nouns
Nairobi	city/town
Michael	person
Lake victoria	lake
Daily nation	newspaper
Indian ocean	ocean
Kenya	country
Toyota	car

Note: Common nouns do not start with capital letters unless they appear at the beginning os a sentence.

Reklamlar

COLLECTIVE NOUNS

Some things can be grouped together and spoken of as one whole.the name used for them is collective nouns.

These are three classes of collective nouns

-Collective noun for people

-Collective noun for animals

-Collective nouns for things

COLLECTIVE NOUNS FOR PEOPLE

a company of actors	a troupe of dancers/minstrels
a board of directors	a bench of magistrates/bishops/imams
a gang of of labourers/thieves	a tribe of natives
a bevy of girls/ladies	a school/class of pupils
a band of musicians/pilgrims	a staff of servants/teachers
a congragations of worshippers	a host of angels
a posses of policemen	a throng of peoples
a horde of savages	a regiment of an army/soldiers
a crowd of spectators	a batch of tourists
a battery of journalists	a crew of sailors

COLLECTIVE NOUNS FOR THINGS

a flight of steps/stairs/airplanes	a heap/pile of stones
a bunch of bananas	a set /kit of tool
a a library of books	a quiver of arrows
a hedge of bushes	a peal of bells
a set of china	a batch of bread
a suit of china	a pack of cigarettes
a suit of clothes	a sheaf/ears of corn
a cluster of diamonds/stars	a galaxy/constallation of stars
a chest of drawers	a clutch of eggs
a hail of fire	a bouqet/bunch of flowers
a collection of stamps/pictures	a crate of fruits
a suite of furniture	a stack of hay

COLLECTIVE NOUNS FOR ANIMALS

a swarm of bees	a flight of swallows
a flock of birds/sheep	a packof wolves/dogs
a herd of cattle/buffaloes/elphants	a brood of chickens
a shoal of fish/herring	a gaggle of geese
a stud of horses	a swarm/plague of insect/locust
a litter of kittens/pups/cubs	a troop of monkeys/baboons
a nest of mice/rabbits
a team of oxen
a parliament of owls
a school of whales

Reklamlar

A / AN Poem

tarihinde yayınlandı tarafından Teacher Zahra — Yorum yapın

An always stands

in front of a noun,

that has A, E, I, O, U

as the vowel sound.

An angry old man

eats an egg for lunch.

Then he eats an orange

with a Munch, Munch, Munch.

A stands in front

of all the other nouns.

All the nouns with

consonant sounds.

A happy old lady

eats a muffin for lunch

Then she eats a carrot

with a Crunch, Crunch, Crunch.

ENGLISH GERUNDS

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Gerund as Subject

Gerund (Subject)	Verbs	Objects
Kayaking	involves	some risks
Swimming	builds	endurance
Not inviting him	will cause	resentment

Gerund as Object

Subject	Verb	Gerund (Object)
They	hate	Kayaking
We	went	swimming
She	doesn’t advise	excluding him

Gerund as Subject Complement

Subject	Verb	Gerund (Subject Complement)
Her sport	is	skiing
His problem	is	not exercising

Gerund as Object Complement

Subject	Verb	Object	Gerund (Object complement)
He	spends	time	writing
She	found	him	not working

Gerund as Object of a Preposition

	Prepositiojn	Gerund
She insist	on	going out	every weekemd
He is accustomed	to	giving	parties
They have a reason	for	not inviting	Michael

Reklamlar

ACTIVITIES

Rearrange the words in order to make a completed sentence.

started / I / english / for / learning / four / years / almost
can’t / nothing / I / doing / stand
soon / look / from / We / forward / to / you / hearing
arguing/ I / tired/ am / of

READING PART

‘Best’ Friends

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To me, a best friend is a person with whom we don’t have a problem being honest or vulnerable. It’s someone who will never desert you, who keeps no record of wrongs, who doesn’t spare your feelings or avoid telling you what you need to hear. I have two best friends. One is Ken, whom I met in the military. Our having gone through difficult experiences has bonded us for life. The other is Amanda. We love having long conversations that can wander everywhere and nowhere. Sometimes we talk for hours- We both love being listened to. Other times we like being together without saying much of anything. I would have a hard time living without my two best friends, but it’s important to have the others, too.

Reklamlar